Nursing research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 68

Nursing research - Essay Example The testing of Braden scale in hospitals proved that nurses can determine the possibility of patient developing pressure sores based on the above factors. During the study period, the patients who indicated a high risk of getting the condition developed pressure sores. Pressure sores occurred in 10% of VA patients and one-quarter from nursing homes. All the patients under study had no history of pressure sores. The study had broad implications for nursing. The Braden scale has become an essential tool for assessing the risk of a patient getting pressure sores. The tool has assisted in developing alternative methods of preventing pressure sores. The methods include reducing the exposure to conditions that increase the riskiness of pressure sores. The findings of the study prove that health conditions can be prevented at the primary level. The Braden scale eased the procedure of assessing the riskiness of patients to pressure sores. I use Braden scale score to advise people on causative factors of pressure sores and how to mitigate or avoid the conditions. National Institute of Nursing Research (U.S.) (2006). Changing practice, changing lives: 10 landmark nursing research studies. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Nursing Research, U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. Retrieved from

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Research Paper Example When my Aunt, Elizabeth was a young woman, a wife for five months, all she could dream of is becoming a mother of three lovely kids. Due to anxiety, she could sit to watch baby stories on TLC, and always cry when the baby is born, a feeling of joy felt by a new mother. She thought every part of motherhood had to be the most amazing feeling. Such was the feeling that she decided to hasten the decision to become pregnant contrary to the agreement with her husband that they would only become parents once they achieve status they can comfortably take care of a baby. According to her plans she thought she would labor for a while, and then have a perfect delivery and start breastfeeding expecting to start bonding with the baby instantly. As a first time pregnant mom, it was natural that she would always think of how fun it will be. She is just one woman among the many who undergo such expectations before becoming pregnant after all. It was not long after that she found out it was not all glitters as she had dreamt it would be. Like other women, she experienced varied emotions coupled with life changing moments that she would be forgiven for dismissing the idea of having a second baby in the near future. An occasional drinker in her youthful years, she stopped her habit, stopped eating her favorite cheese and meat products. Instead she had to drink milk and other foods as advised by those magazines that she read. She even began keeping track of the amounts of fruits and vegetables that she because she was obsessed with being the perfect pregnant woman. Now not interested anymore in working and having resigned all she would do was master the TV programs that would help further her know-how on motherhood. All these adjustments to her were a small sacrifice to make; the baby was that entire she cared for. In the first months of pregnancy frequent vomiting, fatigue, and

Health and Safety Strategies in Construction

Health and Safety Strategies in Construction INTRODUCTION: Good health and safety at work is not only important in human terms, but it is also one of the most effective ways to ensure that the enterprises are successful and sustainable. Simple cost benefit analysis will not be the appropriate way to look towards the issue of health and safety, as it is almost impossible to determine the cost of unquantifiable losses such as suffering, pain caused to the affected person and his family, loss in mobility, etc. Good health and safety of their employees is not only the moral obligation of the enterprises, but it comes along with the legal bindings as well. Key legislations like Health and Safety at Work Act (HSWA) 1974, Construction Design and Management (CDM) 1994 and many more like these have made it almost impossible for the businesses to ignore this area. Also, not to forget, there are many financial aspects attached to it. Factors like disruption, claims for damages, loss of confidence in management and loss of goodwill might impact the economy of business substantially, sometimes leading them to the total collapse. Hence, it is very important for any organization to follow the existing policies, to keep track of ne w updates in rules and regulations and to be innovative in finding out the ways to reduce risks. The Manchester Joint Hospitals Project has already demonstrated a better-than-average safety record. Build quality and productivity have been excellent. Other projects in the North-West England are recognising the change and following the example. But all these positive results should not stop an organization from finding out the new ways to reduce the risk at work. Following actions have already been taken on the construction site by keeping the key legislations for respective action in mind, failing to comply with which, the company and management would have been prosecuted. Actions and their respective legislations are as given below: Development of Safety Committee: HSWA 1974, s.2(4) Stop Work Procedure : HSWA 1974, s.2(1) Safety Representatives Training : HSWA 1974, s.2(7) Few initiatives are mentioned below, which will help in to improve safety, health and welfare on site. It may also help the project to become a role model, which others would like to follow. Initiatives 1) Substance abuse at work: It can be described as the overindulgence in and dependence of a drugor other chemical leading to effects that are detrimental to the individuals physical and mental health, or the welfareof others. Most of the people and organizations still think that alcohol or drug addiction is personal matter as long as it takes off the work place. But they fail to recognise the long term effects of this addiction on that person. Typical response from management on such issues would be: Collusion: Either turn a blind eye towards the problem or reduce the effect of the problem by, for example, transferring the employee. Dismissal: Terminate the employee from the organization. But, the two solutions mentioned above can at the most, reduce the effect of the problem or removes effect on the workplace. A more sympathetic and decisive approach would be to motivate employees in the initial stage of their problem. An employer must analyse and investigate the existing as well as the potential problems and consult employees and their representatives. Following remedial measures should be taken to overcome this issue. A written substance abuse policy A supervisory training program An employee education and awareness program Access to an Employee Assistance Program (EAP) A drug testing program, where appropriate Barriers: Employment contracts: It is very difficult to change employment contract terms of existing employees without ample consultation and without giving convincing reason for doing so. Confidentiality: Employees seeking help for a substance abuse might be reluctant to approach management in the initial stage, as they will be sceptical about the confidentiality of their matter. Hence it the duty of the employer to respect the privacy of the respective employee. Key Legislation under which initiative should be taken: According to HSWA 1974 S.1 (1a), it is preliminary duty of the employer to secure health safety and welfare of persons at work. As per HSWA 1974 S.2 (1), general duties of employer, it requires employer to ensure, so far as is reasonable practicable, health, safety and welfare at work of all his employees. In HSWA 1974 section 7(a), general duties of employees at work, it places every employee at work under an obligation to take reasonable care of their own health and safety and that of others who may be affected. Also HSWA 1974 section 3(1) and s2 (3) put emphasis on employers for conducting an undertaking for health and safety risks and policy. 2) Artificial Optical Radiation: According to Eurofound (European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), optical radiation can be defined as any electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range between 100 nm and 1 nm. It is further divided into ultraviolet radiation, visible radiation and infrared radiation. Exposure to UV radiations from sun can lead to skin damage like sunburn, skin aging, blistering, sun beds and long term exposure can sometimes, may lead to skin cancer. As per Health and Safety Executive guidance, people with the pale skin, especially those with the fair or red hair, are at the maximum risk, whereas, people with black or brown skin are at the lowest risk. But, people of all skin colours are susceptible to overheating and dehydration. As an employer we can: Include sun protection advice on regular health and safety training. Provide appropriate protective equipments to the workers who are exposed to artificial optical radiations. Instruct workers to keep covered up while working in the sun, especially during summer. Encourage workers to take breaks in the shade instead of standing in the sun. Provide site water points and rest area in shade. Schedule work to minimize exposure. Conduct regular skin check up of the workers who are exposed to sun quite frequently. Barriers: Workers may avoid covering entire body with clothes or protective equipments, as they can feel bit restricted in moving the body while working. Negligent attitude of workers can lead them to long term exposure to the optical radiations. Key Legislation under which initiative should be taken: As of now, there is no legal obligation on employers to provide outdoor workers with sun cream or sunglasses, but HSE encourages employers to include sun protection advice in routine health and safety training. But The European Parliament and Council have introduced directive (2006/25/EC) on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to risks arising from optical radiation. It contains provisions on risk assessment, control of exposure, health surveillance and information, instruction and training. Member States have until 27 April 2010 to transpose the Directive and implement its requirements. 3) Noise at work: Long term exposure to high frequency noise at work can cause temporary or permanent hearing loss. Sudden hearing loss can be caused immediately by extremely loud, explosive noises. But in most of the cases, hearing loss is a gradual process because of prolonged exposure to noise. As per the Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005, employers have following duties: Assess the risk to the employees Take action to reduce the noise exposure which may produce risk Otherwise provide employees hearing protection Stay within the legal limits of noise exposure Provide employees with information, instruction and training Barriers: Workers may feel isolated after wearing noise protective equipment, hence might avoid using it. Workers might find it difficult to use protective equipments along with hard hats. So if the wide range of equipments is not available, workers will try to avoid using them. Workers may find it difficult to follow instructions given by supervisor while working. It may lead workers to avoid using protective equipments. Key Legislation under which initiative should be taken: According to HSWA 1974 S.1 (1a), it is preliminary duty of the employer to secure health safety and welfare of persons at work. As per HSWA 1974 S.2 (1), general duties of employer, it requires employer to ensure, so far as is reasonable practicable, health, safety and welfare at work of all his employees. The Noise Control at Work Regulations 1989 and 2005 requires employers to prevent or reduce risks to health and safety of employees from exposure to noise at work. Conclusion: The Manchester Joint Hospital Project has already been achieving better-than-average safety record. Many other projects in north-west England have already been starting to follow the project. With the implementation of initiatives suggested above, by keeping barriers in mind and trying to emulate them at the time of implementation, this project can achieve new heights in the record books of health and safety and can become a role model, which every other project in the country would like to follow.

Essay --

Late 2010, early 2011, a series of demonstrations and protests began to rise in the Arab world. These protests have become known as the "Arab Spring†, or, as someone else called it, the â€Å"Arab awakening†. Those Arab uprisings had removed many authoritarian leaders from their positions; on the other hand, some governments faced this problem using repression and some fake promises toward their people. The Arab world was living a difficult economic and social situation as in Europe in 1848. Poverty, rising food prices, inflation, human rights violation, and high unemployment were the main phenomena the Arabs were facing. In addition there was much corruption of Arab leaders as shown by some of the WikiLeaks diplomatic cables. The main reasons of the Arab revolts are not limited to internal causes, so it is important to analyze the international causes such as the failure of the war on terror, the Iraqi war and the U.S.A - European strategy of the imported democracy. The protests witnessed in some of the Arab countries are somehow an expression of dissatisfaction with the economic situation. This also creates a political tension resulting from the absence of people say in power. The Tunisian revolution that took place in the self-immolation of Mohamad Bouazizi on 18 December 2010 in protest of police corruption and ill treatment, has shaken authoritarian leaders across the Arab world in areas such as Egypt, Libya, Yemen, and Bahrain. The article, which appeared under the title "A prayer for the health of the rais," began by stating that "of all the world's statesmen, the one closest to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu is Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak". Thanks to Mubarak, Egypt became a strategic ally of Israel, as well as Israel'... ...opean origins. The important fact is that the way Islamism, communism and secularism have experienced many various signification with its national, regional and religious context. Applying this to secularism, Jakobsen and Pellegrini Fenella cannel have suggested to talk about secular traditions rather than secularism, secularization, or â€Å"the secular† in india, turkey, france, and many other countries with more or less homogenous histories of secularizations and debates about secularism. If we apply this approach to the Arab Region, it might be possible to identify some interconnected secular traditions in the Levant, the gulf, and North Africa. Reactions on the need for a secular state firstly appeared in the late ottoman period, or in the arab cultural movement known as the Nahda. In the early 20th century, many ideological currents influenced Arab intelligentsias.

Principles of Maintaining Stationary Stock Essay

1)1.1 – Explain the purpose of making sure stationary stock is maintained and controlled? A good level of stationary stock should always be maintained and controlled because it makes processing easier and saves wasting time. Usually a company will have one person in charge of the stock and that person will have the duties of maintaining any stock. Smaller companies are easier to maintain than larger ones. Large companies can have much more of a hard-hitting task as they will need a lot more stock or stationary. Also within a larger company there will be more departments so it will be made a little harder. The person responsible has to bare in mind any budgets the employer/manager had put in place. There are different ways of which you can control the levels of the stock but these are yet again different with each and every company. A weekly or fortnightly check on stock is usually the most effective way. Checking stock levels will also help to notice what stationary is used more within their company. This will show what is more relevant in buying. If the stock is not checked or maintained then the levels can drop. This can result into the company spending more money to get the equipment/stock they need from a high street shop and this can then frustrate many workers/managers. 1.2 – Describe factors that may affect the future level of demand for stationary stock. Their will be many factors that may affect the future level of stationary stock. One of these is the cost of the stationary itself. All, if not most, companies are making cut in their spending and this is one department that may feel the cut more than others. Employees will be asked to use less stock whilst working and requesting orders for stock. These may become declined if the person in charge thinks that the company will not need the stationary or it is not required. Also another factor is the use of technology. Technology is forever increasing and becoming a bigger part in everyone’s lives. This means more organisations will be using the internet a lot more. Emailing more to cut the cost of paper and it is a quicker way to send messages or to communicate and run their business. Letters are becoming a less frequent way of communicating. This will make each company cut down on the quality of paper, ink, envelopes and stamps that are used. 1.3 – Explain the purpose of making sure value of money is obtained when ordering stock. The purpose of making sure value of money is obtained when ordering stock is essential. Each company needs to ensure that they are not wasting any unnecessary money and that the stock you are ordering is actually needed. The person in charge of ordering needs to think about the delivery costs, quality and quantity costs. They also need to think about applying minimum orders but can still cover everything that will be needed. The value of money is most important because no company wants to be wasting money on products that cant be afforded or on stationary the wont be used. The person who is responsible for all this needs to have a good think about what really needs to be ordered and if it is necessary in the environment. Also to know if it is environmentally friendly before just ordering anything and everything they want to. 2)2.1 – Describe how to order, receive, store and dispose stationary stock items. Ordering; before you even begin to order you need to know who your suppliers are. If you don’t already have a supplier then you need to find one. You will need to find a supplier that is suitable to you and your company. When choosing a company you will need to consider these things; Are there any delivery charges? Do I have to place a minimum order? Do they sell all the stock we need? Are their prices competitive or very expensive? How long does it take for an order to come through? You may find it easier to write a list of the stationary (inventory) you will need so you can pick a supplier that fits your needs. Once you have found the supplier you will be using then you will need to go through the catalogue or online and order what you need. Also the person responsible for this will need to be aware of their budget and that they do not go over. Receive; When you do receive the stock, it is better to check the delivery notes against what has been delivered to ensure that all the stock you need or ordered is their. You will need to check the receipt and check everything they say is there is actually there and is not faulty. You will need to identify straight away if there are any problems or any stationary missing. Lastly you will need to send the receipt up the finance so they can check it against the invoice and make sure all the prices add up and no ones is being over charged or under charged. Store; when storing the stationary you should rotate it so it is the oldest first. Storage should be in a nice neat order and organised so you can see what you have and what you don’t have. Rotating stationary isn’t the most important thing to do but it is still advisable so that pens and Tipex do not dry out and the paper doesn’t get creased or even wet. When storing stationary it is best to keep all things the same together and take count to see how many there is so you know for next time when it comes to ordering how much you should order. Dispose; when disposing stationary you need to first work out what can be recycled, or if it is environmentally friendly and what just needs to be put in a normal bin. Most companies now like a business with an environmentally friendly supplier. They will look at the way they package the products so it makes it easier to dispose of the packaging. How close a company is to their business is important to cut down on the transporting costs.

Food Rituals in Hinduism

Hindu Traditions: Food and Purification Ashley LeBlanc Introduction to Eastern Religions Dr. Patricia Campbell November 16, 2010 LeBlanc 2 Hinduism is a religion that originated in India and is still practiced by most of the Natives as well as the people who have migrated from India to other parts of the world. Statistically there are over seven hundred million Hindus, mainly in Bangladesh, India and Nepal. Approximately eighty percent of the population in India is Hindu (Encyclopaedia Britannica n. d. ).The word Hindu comes from an ancient Sanskrit term meaning â€Å"dwellers by the Indus River,† referring to the location of India's earliest know civilization, the Pakistan. The religion suggests commitment to or respect for an ideal way of life known as Dharma. Hinduism absorbs foreign ideas and beliefs making it have a wide variety of beliefs and practices. This has given it a character of social and doctrinal system that extends to every aspect of life. One of the most impo rtant aspects of the Hindu tradition is the food and purification process.Not only is the concept of purity and food seen in sacred texts, but also is a daily practice within Hindu practitioners. According to the Bhagavad Gita, â€Å"All beings come into existence from food. Food comes from rains. Rains originate from the performance of sacrifices. And sacrifice is born out of doing prescribed duties† (3:13). Therefore, food is verily an aspect of Brahman, which according to Jeffery Brodd is â€Å"the eternal, unchanging, infinite, immanent, and transcendent reality which is the Divine Ground of all matter, energy, time, space, being, and everything beyond in this Universe† (Brodd 2003, 17).Since the food is a gift from the gods, it should be treated with respect. Also in the Bhagavad Gita, Krishna states that there are three types of sacrifices, along with austerity and charity. Sattvic (cold) food is one that increases longevity, purity, strength, happiness, and tast e; these foods are usually juicy or oily. These types of foods are allowed, and mostly recommended as offerings to the gods. Rajasic (or hot) includes foods that are bitter, sour, hot, spicy, and salty which is believed to lead to disease, unhappiness, and sorrow.When a LeBlanc person eats these foods without sacrifice, it is believed that they will develop the qualities they convey and act upon them (Michaels 2004, 183-184). When it comes to preparing food, the person preparing it is closely speculated. Purity is the goal during preparation. Chants and purification rituals with incense and offerings are done before, and sometimes after every meal. In the Hindu tradition, purification is not only an expression of external status, but also make one pure internally and morally.For example, a butcher or a farmer’s products would be considered impure for the fact that they are harming innocent living creatures for sustenance, whereas bakers and milkmen are reaping products withou t harm (Arthur M. Sackler Gallery 1996). The age, status, and sex of the person cooking and serving the food are also taken into account. Hindus also believe food that has been purified can be re-polluted by touching or even looking at it. Because of this, women who are menstruating cannot prepare or serve food for the fear of pollution.At the same time, many sacrifices and offerings are performed based on reciprocity. Another method in Hindu tradition to keep food pure during consumption is to eat with the right hand, as the left hand is seen to be impure since it is used for cleaning after defecation. 3 Another aspect that is closely looked at is who may accept cooked food from whom. The usual custom goes that the young can accept food from the elder, the inferior rank from the superior, the wife from the husband, and so on. The only exception in Hindu tradition is in weddings.In this circumstance, the bride’s family cooks for the usually higher-ranking groom and his family . Another example noted in Michael’s book is when â€Å"Brahman cooks, when hired by higher ranking Brahmans; or temple feedings, when the food is seen as leftovers of the gods and thus all believers stand at the same level and eat next to one another† (2004, 183). Also in terms of leftovers, it is seen as an act of respect if the wife consumes the leftovers of her LeBlanc 4 husband, or eats after him from his plate.This is deliberate pollution as the pure food has already been consumed and any leftovers have been touched by human hands, and thus impure. Food to Hindus is a lifelong religious and social concern; it stands at the core of religion and society. Some even say that â€Å"[food] shapes family life, caste-and-marriage rules, and religious and spiritual values† (Khare 2004, 415). There are many taboos, ritual exclusions, preferences and prescriptions concerning the conception of ‘vegetarianism’ and ‘nonvegetariansim’.This taboo creates four separate areas of India that practice either vegetarianism or nonvegeratianism differently; The north constitutes Kashmir and Punjab to Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh; the ‘western’ includes Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Maharashtra, the ‘eastern’ region Bihar, Bengal, Assam, Orissa, and other northeastern states, and the ‘southern’ includes Kannada, Talminadu, Kerala, and Andhra Pradesh (Khare 2004, 415). Customary ways in these areas are passed on from generation to generation, and are practiced religiously. Food taboos are a historically complicated subject for Hindus.For example, the beef taboo creates ecological and political conflicts. According to Khare, â€Å"Brahmanical deification of cow played a crucial role long-term vis-a-vis Buddhism, producing a prologned religious, historical, and regional tussel, yielding, in the process, changing definitons of both nonviolence and vegetariansim† (2004, 416). Today, fol lowers of Vishnu are most often vegetarians and practice right-handed rituals, whereas worshippers of the goddess justify meat eating, drinking, and left-handed rituals. Therefore, more modern interpretations of Hinduism in relation to dietary practices can still differ.In terms of prasada , or ‘blessed food’, are primarily vegetarian when being offered to gods such as Vishnu, Rama, Krishna, and Ganesh. One must also remember that not all goddess worshipers are meat-eaters, some still practice vegetarianism. (Khare 2004, 417). LeBlanc In terms of the actual ritual of purification, it differs from each practicioner. Hindus constantly practice the methods of obtaining control and exercising restraint methods of purification and of cultivation of positive moral qualities. Food in Hinduism, as previously mentioned, is one of the most celebrated rituals.For example, a child’s first feeding is celebrated as a samskara ( celebration at a stage of life). The ritual first begins with a clean 5 surrounding. When food is served, water is sprinkled around it. This is meant to purify the foods and make it worthy for sacrifice. Then, food is offered to five pranas (breath- one of the five organs of vitality or sensation) (Widgery 1930, 235); The five pranas, along with their explanation are as follows: Prana is responsible for the beating of the heart and breathing. Prana enters the body through the breath and is sent to every cell through the circulatory system.Apana is responsible for the elimination of waste products from the body through the lungs and excretory systems. Udana produces sounds through the vocal apparatus, as in speaking, singing, laughing, and crying. Also it represents the conscious energy required to produce the vocal sounds corresponding to the intent of the being. Hence Samyama on udana gives the higher centers total control over the body. Samana controls the digestion of food and cell metabolism (i. e. the repair and manufacture o f new cells and growth). Samana also includes the heat regulating processes of the body. Auras are projections of this current.By meditational practices one can see auras of light around every being. Yogis who do special practise on samana can produce a blazing aura at will. Vyana is responsible for the expansion and contraction processes of the body, e. g. the voluntary muscular system (Prana 2010). LeBlanc 6 In conclusion, we can see through Hindu rituals and practices that food and purity plays an important role in everyday life. The importance of purity when consuming sacrificed foods or foods offered to a chosen deity is great. Hinduism thrives despite numerous reforms and shortcuts through gradual modernization and urbanization of Indian life.Thus, Hinduism, which sustained India through centuries of foreign occupation and internal disruption, continues to serve a vital function by giving passionate meaning and supportive form to the lives of Hindus today.